http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/02/13/1716839115
Taino Ancient DNA has revolutionized the field of archaeology, but in the Caribbean and other tropical regions of the world, the work has been hampered by poor DNA preservation. We present an ancient human genome from the Caribbean and use it to shed light on the early peopling of the islands. We demonstrate that the ancestors of the so-called “Taino” who inhabited large parts of the Caribbean in pre-Columbian times originated in northern South America, and we find evidence that they had a comparatively large effective population size. We also show that the native components in some modern Caribbean genomes are closely related to the ancient Taino, suggesting that indigenous ancestry in the region has survived through the present day.
Showing posts with label DNA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label DNA. Show all posts
Saturday, May 19, 2018
Thursday, January 11, 2018
Ice Age Baby Skeleton Rewrites History of the First Native Americans
https://www.yahoo.com/news/ice-age-baby-skeleton-rewrites-180500731.html
Her genome revealed that she belonged to a previously unrecognized and distinct Native American population, which the study authors call the Ancient Beringians. In a paper released Wednesday, scientists from the Universities of Cambridge and Copenhagen explain that her genes are evidence that the Ancient Beringians came first: They were the initial offshoot of the ancestral population that led to the other Northern and Southern Native American groups historians already know about.
According to the team behind this study, North America was first settled by this shared, founding population, which then gradually split into the different sub-groups.
This finding helps clarify when the two separate branches of Northern and Southern Native Americans split from each other. Previously, scientists debated whether that divide happened after people migrated from Asia to Alaska, or whether genomically different groups from Asia made the cross-continental journey separately. Comparing the genome of the Sunrise Child-girl to the genomes of present-day Native American populations, the scientists found that the Ancient Beringians became isolated from the common ancestral population 20,000 years ago.
That time period comes before the split that led to the Northern and Southern groups, which occurred between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago. This suggests that there was likely just one wave of migration into the Americas.
Archaeological evidence supports the idea that humans lived in the Americas south of the continental ice sheets as early as 14,600 years ago, but the overall timeline of how and when the peopling of the Americas occurred has been clouded with discrepancies.
This new study indicates that the founding population of Native Americans diverged from the ancestral Asian group in northeast Asia 36,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene era and migrated via the Beringia land bridge connecting northeast Asia to northwestern North America. In that region, harsh weather and glacial barriers kept some of the populations — like the Ancient Beringians — in one place for extended periods of time. The scientists behind this study believe that the split between the North and South Native Americans only happened after some of their ancestors were able to pass through the thawing, giant glaciers that covered Canada and parts of the northern United States.
Her genome revealed that she belonged to a previously unrecognized and distinct Native American population, which the study authors call the Ancient Beringians. In a paper released Wednesday, scientists from the Universities of Cambridge and Copenhagen explain that her genes are evidence that the Ancient Beringians came first: They were the initial offshoot of the ancestral population that led to the other Northern and Southern Native American groups historians already know about.
According to the team behind this study, North America was first settled by this shared, founding population, which then gradually split into the different sub-groups.
This finding helps clarify when the two separate branches of Northern and Southern Native Americans split from each other. Previously, scientists debated whether that divide happened after people migrated from Asia to Alaska, or whether genomically different groups from Asia made the cross-continental journey separately. Comparing the genome of the Sunrise Child-girl to the genomes of present-day Native American populations, the scientists found that the Ancient Beringians became isolated from the common ancestral population 20,000 years ago.
That time period comes before the split that led to the Northern and Southern groups, which occurred between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago. This suggests that there was likely just one wave of migration into the Americas.
Archaeological evidence supports the idea that humans lived in the Americas south of the continental ice sheets as early as 14,600 years ago, but the overall timeline of how and when the peopling of the Americas occurred has been clouded with discrepancies.
This new study indicates that the founding population of Native Americans diverged from the ancestral Asian group in northeast Asia 36,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene era and migrated via the Beringia land bridge connecting northeast Asia to northwestern North America. In that region, harsh weather and glacial barriers kept some of the populations — like the Ancient Beringians — in one place for extended periods of time. The scientists behind this study believe that the split between the North and South Native Americans only happened after some of their ancestors were able to pass through the thawing, giant glaciers that covered Canada and parts of the northern United States.
Saturday, February 13, 2016
The Taino Movement, Tearing Down the Lies of Colonialism
http://www.mnialive.com/articles/the-taino-movement-tearing-down-the-lies-of-colonialism
I can say this because back in 2003, a biologist named Juan C. Martínez Cruzado did a DNA study in Puerto Rico that came up with some astonishing results. A whopping 61% of those he studied had Taino DNA of maternal mitochondrial origin. What this illustrates is that far from being extinct, the Taino bloodline has survived on a massive scale. So far the DNA testing has found Taino bloodlines existing today in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and the Dominican Carib. -
Why has this been ignored? Because a well thought out plan of genocide was perpetrated against the Taino people. It best served the interests of the colonial governments that there be no indigenous West Indians who could claim indigenous rights. And so it was, that with a pen as their weapon, they wrote the Taino people into extinction, calling them Creole or Mulatto, or some other name, so as to divert from their true native ancestry. Many West Indians walking amongst us today have no idea of the Taino DNA that is flowing through their veins.
People Think There is a Test for Native American DNA, There isn't
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129554-400-there-is-no-dna-test-to-prove-youre-native-american/
I can say this because back in 2003, a biologist named Juan C. Martínez Cruzado did a DNA study in Puerto Rico that came up with some astonishing results. A whopping 61% of those he studied had Taino DNA of maternal mitochondrial origin. What this illustrates is that far from being extinct, the Taino bloodline has survived on a massive scale. So far the DNA testing has found Taino bloodlines existing today in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and the Dominican Carib. -
Why has this been ignored? Because a well thought out plan of genocide was perpetrated against the Taino people. It best served the interests of the colonial governments that there be no indigenous West Indians who could claim indigenous rights. And so it was, that with a pen as their weapon, they wrote the Taino people into extinction, calling them Creole or Mulatto, or some other name, so as to divert from their true native ancestry. Many West Indians walking amongst us today have no idea of the Taino DNA that is flowing through their veins.
People Think There is a Test for Native American DNA, There isn't
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129554-400-there-is-no-dna-test-to-prove-youre-native-american/
Why
has this been ignored? Because a well thought out plan of genocide was
perpetrated against the Taino people. It best served the interests of
the colonial governments that there be no indigenous West Indians who
could claim indigenous rights. And so it was, that with a pen as their
weapon, they wrote the Taino people into extinction, calling them Creole
or Mulatto, or some other name, so as to divert from their true native
ancestry. Many West Indians walking amongst us today have no idea of the
Taino DNA that is flowing through their veins. - See more at:
http://www.mnialive.com/articles/the-taino-movement-tearing-down-the-lies-of-colonialism#sthash.MKl0clkB.dpuf
I
can say this because back in 2003, a biologist named Juan C. Martínez
Cruzado did a DNA study in Puerto Rico that came up with some
astonishing results. A whopping 61% of those he studied had Taino DNA of
maternal mitochondrial origin. What this illustrates is that far from
being extinct, the Taino bloodline has survived on a massive scale. So
far the DNA testing has found Taino bloodlines existing today in Puerto
Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and the Dominican Carib.
- See more at:
http://www.mnialive.com/articles/the-taino-movement-tearing-down-the-lies-of-colonialism#sthash.MKl0clkB.dpuf
I
can say this because back in 2003, a biologist named Juan C. Martínez
Cruzado did a DNA study in Puerto Rico that came up with some
astonishing results. A whopping 61% of those he studied had Taino DNA of
maternal mitochondrial origin. What this illustrates is that far from
being extinct, the Taino bloodline has survived on a massive scale. So
far the DNA testing has found Taino bloodlines existing today in Puerto
Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and the Dominican Carib.
- See more at:
http://www.mnialive.com/articles/the-taino-movement-tearing-down-the-lies-of-colonialism#sthash.MKl0clkB.dpuf
I
can say this because back in 2003, a biologist named Juan C. Martínez
Cruzado did a DNA study in Puerto Rico that came up with some
astonishing results. A whopping 61% of those he studied had Taino DNA of
maternal mitochondrial origin. What this illustrates is that far from
being extinct, the Taino bloodline has survived on a massive scale. So
far the DNA testing has found Taino bloodlines existing today in Puerto
Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and the Dominican Carib.
- See more at:
http://www.mnialive.com/articles/the-taino-movement-tearing-down-the-lies-of-colonialism#sthash.MKl0clkB.dpuf
Sunday, May 18, 2014
New Discovery in DNA Research!
New Discovery Confirms Native American Views on Their Ancestry
Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/05/18/new-discovery-confirms-native-american-views-their-ancestry-154927
For the past 15 years the question of whether modern American Indians were descended from the ancient people who lived in North and South America more than 10,000 years ago has been the subject of a contentious and bruising scientific debate. This debate has had profound legal implications, since under the current laws in the United States, the custody and control of human remains is dependent on whether or not there is a relationship to a modern Indian tribe.
Naia, believed to have been a young girl of 15 or 16, apparently fell to her death in the sinkhole sometime between 12,000 and 13,000 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, as the Ice Ages came to an end and melting glaciers raised sea levels around the world, the cave system was flooded. Her remains, now 130 feet below sea level, were preserved. Under Mexican law her skeleton could not be disturbed, even for scientific study, but the cave systems are a popular tourist dive location and divers had been found digging around her, prompting the government and scientists to recover her.
Girl’s 12,000-year-old skeleton may solve a mystery
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/girls-12000-year-old-skeleton-may-solve-a-mystery/2014/05/15/e45a6330-da90-11e3-8009-71de85b9c527_story.html
A paper published Thursday online in the journal Science argues that the discrepancy in appearance between the Paleoamericans and later Native Americans is most likely the result of recent, and relatively rapid, human evolution — and not the result of subsequent migrations of people into the Americas.
Tests on mitochondrial DNA taken from Naia show that she had a genetic marker common today across the Americas, one that scientists say evolved in a prehistoric population that had been isolated for thousands of years in Beringia, the land mass between Alaska and Siberia that formed a bridge between the continents during the Ice Ages.
Adding to the mystery is that the Paleoamericans, such as Naia, didn’t look like later Native Americans. Naia had a small, projecting face, with narrow cheekbones, wide-set eyes and a prominent forehead. Native Americans of later millennia tended to have broader, longer, flatter faces, and rounder skulls, said James Chatters, an independent researcher based in Washington state and the lead author of the paper.
The distinct morphology of the Paleoamericans is most famously found in the “Kennewick Man,” a 9,000-year-old skeleton discovered two decades ago along the Columbia River in Washington state. Facial reconstruction resulted in someone who looked a bit like the actor Patrick Stewart (“Star Trek: The Next Generation,” “X-Men”). Scientists theorized that he could have been related to populations in East Asia that spread along the coast and eventually colonized Polynesia. Under that scenario, more recent Native Americans could be descended from a separate migratory population.
DNA Analysis Shows That Native American Genealogy Is One of the Most Unique in the World
http://www.whitewolfpack.com/2014/08/dna-analysis-shows-that-native-american.htm
and
http://www.wisdompills.com/2014/06/13/dna-testing-proves-native-american-genealogy-to-be-among-the-most-unique-in-the-world/
The importance of such efforts cannot be overstated. The threads of these ancient cultures – having existed here for tens of thousands of years prior to the arrival of the ‘pioneers’ – no matter how tenuous they may currently be, must be preserved, strengthened and woven back into a quilt that tells the unique story of not only their past, but of their bright future as well.
The study follows up on earlier research that found a unique variant of a genetic marker in the DNA of modern descendants of Native Americans. “While earlier studies have already supported this conclusion, what’s different about our work is that it provides the first solid data that simply cannot be reconciled with multiple ancestral populations,” said Kari Britt Schroeder of the University of California, one of the authors of the study.
As a result of the previous research, the so-called “9-repeat allele” (or variant) was found in all of the 41 Native American and Asian (from the western side of the Bering Strait) populations that were sampled. At the same time, the allele was absent in all 54 of the Eurasian, African and Oceanian groups that were also sampled in the study.The researchers supposed that the distribution of the allele was due to the fact that all these ethnic groups (modern Native Americans, Greenlanders and western Beringians) derived from a common founder population, which had been isolated from the rest of the Asian continent thousands of years prior to their migration to the Americas.
“Our work provides strong evidence that, in general, Native Americans are more closely related to each other than to any other existing Asian populations, except those that live at the very edge of the Bering Strait,” concluded Schroeder. (Source)
The results of the study were published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution.
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/5/995
Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/05/18/new-discovery-confirms-native-american-views-their-ancestry-154927
For the past 15 years the question of whether modern American Indians were descended from the ancient people who lived in North and South America more than 10,000 years ago has been the subject of a contentious and bruising scientific debate. This debate has had profound legal implications, since under the current laws in the United States, the custody and control of human remains is dependent on whether or not there is a relationship to a modern Indian tribe.
Naia, believed to have been a young girl of 15 or 16, apparently fell to her death in the sinkhole sometime between 12,000 and 13,000 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, as the Ice Ages came to an end and melting glaciers raised sea levels around the world, the cave system was flooded. Her remains, now 130 feet below sea level, were preserved. Under Mexican law her skeleton could not be disturbed, even for scientific study, but the cave systems are a popular tourist dive location and divers had been found digging around her, prompting the government and scientists to recover her.
Girl’s 12,000-year-old skeleton may solve a mystery
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/girls-12000-year-old-skeleton-may-solve-a-mystery/2014/05/15/e45a6330-da90-11e3-8009-71de85b9c527_story.html
A paper published Thursday online in the journal Science argues that the discrepancy in appearance between the Paleoamericans and later Native Americans is most likely the result of recent, and relatively rapid, human evolution — and not the result of subsequent migrations of people into the Americas.
Tests on mitochondrial DNA taken from Naia show that she had a genetic marker common today across the Americas, one that scientists say evolved in a prehistoric population that had been isolated for thousands of years in Beringia, the land mass between Alaska and Siberia that formed a bridge between the continents during the Ice Ages.
Adding to the mystery is that the Paleoamericans, such as Naia, didn’t look like later Native Americans. Naia had a small, projecting face, with narrow cheekbones, wide-set eyes and a prominent forehead. Native Americans of later millennia tended to have broader, longer, flatter faces, and rounder skulls, said James Chatters, an independent researcher based in Washington state and the lead author of the paper.
The distinct morphology of the Paleoamericans is most famously found in the “Kennewick Man,” a 9,000-year-old skeleton discovered two decades ago along the Columbia River in Washington state. Facial reconstruction resulted in someone who looked a bit like the actor Patrick Stewart (“Star Trek: The Next Generation,” “X-Men”). Scientists theorized that he could have been related to populations in East Asia that spread along the coast and eventually colonized Polynesia. Under that scenario, more recent Native Americans could be descended from a separate migratory population.
NEW - THE OLMECS WERE AMERINDIANS NOT AFRICANS - AND THE MALIANS & IGNERIS CREATED THE GARIFUNA - A NEW CARIBBEAN PEOPLE!
A lot of Afrocentrists have a cherished THEORY that the entire Olmec
civilization was an African one - just because of Colossal heads that
resemble African warriors - yet on scientific scrutiny they do not
LITERALLY resemble ANY real human - what human has eye sockets so huge?
An Alien-human hybrid? This is a simple fact overlooked when one WANTS
to believe in something but CANNOT prove it, but they cannot explain
either why 99% of ALL the OTHER Olmec artifacts (as you can see in the 3
videos below) DO NOT have anything that remotely hints at anything
African Negroid - only the usual Amerindian culture of Meso-America,
neither have DNA tests of Olmec descendants today revealed ANY genetic
connection to Africa, only to Asia and the Mongoloid race.DNA Analysis Shows That Native American Genealogy Is One of the Most Unique in the World
http://www.whitewolfpack.com/2014/08/dna-analysis-shows-that-native-american.htm
and
http://www.wisdompills.com/2014/06/13/dna-testing-proves-native-american-genealogy-to-be-among-the-most-unique-in-the-world/
The importance of such efforts cannot be overstated. The threads of these ancient cultures – having existed here for tens of thousands of years prior to the arrival of the ‘pioneers’ – no matter how tenuous they may currently be, must be preserved, strengthened and woven back into a quilt that tells the unique story of not only their past, but of their bright future as well.
The study follows up on earlier research that found a unique variant of a genetic marker in the DNA of modern descendants of Native Americans. “While earlier studies have already supported this conclusion, what’s different about our work is that it provides the first solid data that simply cannot be reconciled with multiple ancestral populations,” said Kari Britt Schroeder of the University of California, one of the authors of the study.
As a result of the previous research, the so-called “9-repeat allele” (or variant) was found in all of the 41 Native American and Asian (from the western side of the Bering Strait) populations that were sampled. At the same time, the allele was absent in all 54 of the Eurasian, African and Oceanian groups that were also sampled in the study.The researchers supposed that the distribution of the allele was due to the fact that all these ethnic groups (modern Native Americans, Greenlanders and western Beringians) derived from a common founder population, which had been isolated from the rest of the Asian continent thousands of years prior to their migration to the Americas.
“Our work provides strong evidence that, in general, Native Americans are more closely related to each other than to any other existing Asian populations, except those that live at the very edge of the Bering Strait,” concluded Schroeder. (Source)
The results of the study were published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution.
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/5/995
Sunday, May 6, 2012
Box Checking
Snipits from article below - click link for all the details
May 6, 2012
May 6, 2012
Warren's claim as Native American opens debate over ethnic ties
http://www.eagletribune.com/local/x1378311768/Warrens-claim-as-Native-American-opens-debate-over-ethnic-ties
http://www.eagletribune.com/local/x1378311768/Warrens-claim-as-Native-American-opens-debate-over-ethnic-ties
LAWRENCE — Questions about her Native American heritage
continued to dog the campaign of Democratic Massachusetts U.S. Senate
candidate Elizabeth Warren late last week, even as she made a stop at
the Everett Mills to celebrate labor unions and the Bread and Roses
strike of 1912.
Experts in genealogy and Native American culture said
this week that such a claim, if used to further an academic or
professional career, would certainly be unethical, although not illegal.
Others say the issue has brought up many questions
about racial and ethnic identity, both in terms of the DNA makeup of
people and their cultural connections.
She added, "there is a difference between having
Cherokee ancestors and being a citizen of the Cherokee Nation (or any
tribe, for that matter). There were Cherokees who for one reason or
another were not on the Dawes Rolls, which means their descendants,
while legitimately Cherokee, are not eligible for tribal citizenship. It
is not a perfect system by any stretch of the imagination, but at this
point, it is all we have to go by to determine eligibility for
citizenship."
Jorge Estevez, of the National Museum of the American
Indian/The Smithsonian, said that for generations, school children in
the Dominican Republic had been taught that the Taino Indians were
completely wiped out by the early to mid-1600s following the Spanish
invasion.
In fact, he said, Taino bloodlines, and many Taino
customs, remain active today throughout the region.
Several different tests have been done, he said,
showing that anywhere from 10 to 40 percent of the population of the
Dominican Republic had Taino DNA markers. In Puerto Rico, the results
were even higher, with one test showing that 61 percent of the
population had Indian blood, he said.
"What it showed," he said, "is that the genocide of the
Taino people is ludicrous."
He added, "Elizabeth Warren now has a connection and a
tradition. What she does with that is her doing. Some will become
registered members of a tribe, others will just go on with their life."
Saturday, October 15, 2011
DNA Research (We Are Not Extinct!)
This article (erroneously) says the Taino are extinct.On average, the genomes of Puerto Ricans contain 10 to 15% Native American DNA, which is largely Taíno, says Bustamante.
* Comments from many of my friends, Robert, Licy, and Vanessa are on the bottom.
* This is SO EXCITING - the COMMENTS from UCTP and my friends CAUSED THE ARTICLE TO CHANGE
As a result of the feedback from community members, thetitle of the article in question has been changed from "Breathing life into an extinct ethnicity' to "Rebuilding the genome of a hidden ethnicity". All references to "extinction" have been removed. At the end of the article there is now a corrective statement that reads:
"Corrected: This article originally stated that the Taíno were extinct, which is incorrect. Nature apologizes for the offence caused, and has corrected the text to better explain the research project described."
The original article appeared on Oct. 14, 2011 and was corrected on Oct. 17, 2011. It took three days from the time of the first post to not only receive apologies from one of the scientists leading the project but also from the magazine itself.
While it is still not a "perfect article", I have left a message on the site to thank the editor Brian Owens and Professor Bustamante for the public apology and the corrections. I felt it was the Taino thing to do…
In achieving these corrections and apologies, I feel we accomplished something historic. Think about the alternative if we did nothing at all.
This article demonstrates the sad consequences of DNA testing
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/10/13/bitter-fight-determine-who-american-indian-turns-dna-testing-57165
People interviewed for this story, whether they are for or against the use of DNA testing, agree there is already a litmus test—for you to be considered Indian any of the following statements are true:
A) Your family/people experienced a traumatic history with disease, displacement and death;
B) Your family/people endured generations of intense poverty and disenfranchisement;
C) That you are alive means your family/people survived repeated attempts by various governments to exterminate them—physically, culturally, spiritually.
“Really, the measure of being Indian should be a pain index,” Alexie says. “You know, how many funerals have you gone to?”
DNA results that reveal unpleasant surprises about parentage are a frequent occurrence in Indian country, where grandmothers or aunties often care for infants born into bad domestic situations. “That’s one of the things about DNA testing—it is letting all of the skeletons out of the closet,” says James Mills, president of Creating Stronger Nations, a consulting firm that works with tribes to create policy documents on a range of governance issues, including enrollment. “The moment you draw a line in the sand on enrollment, the moment you have rules, there is going to be some unfairness. There is no perfect system. There just isn’t one.”
But even that test is subjective. “It comes down to who is a tribal member,” says Mills, pointing to the authority granted by Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, a landmark 1978 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that notes sovereign Indian nations determine their own membership. “Tribes have rules about membership and for many years, many tribes were very lax about their rules. [But now], if you are a successful per-capita tribe, people will come out of the woodwork,” clamoring to be members. “Tribes began to get stricter about the enforcement of their rules…and thus you have this disenrollment phenomenon.”
This site has some information on Native American DNA testing.
Over the past few weeks a number of agencies have contacted one or more editors of the Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink (http://www.centrelink.org/) with news and details concerning DNA testing services for those interested in verifying or documenting their Taino or other Amerindian biological parentage.
And this site talks about cultural survival - The Taino of the Caribbean: the People Who are Not Supposed to Exist
Here is another article, The Perils of Human Genomics (with a lot of sarcasm in the comments), about reclaiming/identifying as Taino. Scroll down to read these two comments:
16. Kolibri Carrillo Says:
October 26th, 2011 at 6:52 am
17. Maurice Travers Says:
October 26th, 2011 at 7:14 am
Sirs
I am one of those so called “taino ” activists whose lies onur goes on about . I am a white anglo / saxon british male who is blessed to be friends with many of these “extinct ” people . Dr Bustamente and the authour of the article graciously admitted that they had made an error of Judgement when presented with facts that dispelled the Columbian myth of extinction . For the information of onur a study carried out over a wide spectrum of inhabitants of Boriken (Puerto Rico ) in a sample of 700 61% showed Mitrochrondial DNA indicating Amerindian (Taino ) decendency The reasearch was carried out by prof Vasesquez of the university there as to the fact that he claims greek origin he should read his history the Greeks are extinct as is every other race in this world .There is no pure anyone left today. I am minded to remind Everyone here of a greeting used by the Lakota soiux Tribe of North america .
Miyakuye Oyasin WE ARE ALL RELATED
Blessings to all
M
Rejoinder to Roberto Mucaro http://www.prdream.com/wordpress/?p=3376
Mr. Borrero is correct in pointing out that the number of people in Puerto Rico who self-identify as “Indian” has increased 49 percent from 13,336 in the year 2000 to 19,510 in 2010. But this is still only less than 1 percent of the total Island population of 3.7 million.
There are other NeoTaíno organizations and subgroups that are sometimes in conflict with each other, such as the Jatibonicu Taíno Tribal Nation of Boriken, the Taíno Turabo Aymaco Tribe of Puerto Rico, and the Consejo General de Taínos Borincanos, with the issue of purity coming up in statements on occasion. For example, the “Tribal Charter” of the Taíno Turabo Aymaco Tribe of Boriken states that their tribe “is made-up of: documented and non-documented, pure blood, and non-pure blood descendants of the Taíno Turabo and Aymaco Tribes,” and “pure and non-pure blood descendants of other various Taíno Tribes from the entire Caribbean.”
A little more to think about here: http://voxxi.com/2011/12/12/taino-ancestry-goes-beyond-dna-its-cultural/ Advocates for Taíno people say their culture is passed down through oral traditions, not solely DNA. Taíno supporters have a problem with academic scholar Dr. Gabriel Haslip-Viera’s recent paper where he says Taíno advocates are using a DNA study to claim “a pure indigenous pedigree.”
They say they never made that claim and have challenged Haslip-Viera to prove it. According to the United Confederation of Taíno People (UCTP) the concept of a “degree of Indian blood” was not set by them, but by those whose ultimate goal is to eliminate indigenous tribes. Taíno advocates say Haslip-Viera omits any reference to oral tradition as a form of community and national history.
Roberto “Múkaro” Borrero, president of UCTP said in a statement:
“It should be further noted that Taíno descendants do not require the approval of Dr. Haslip-Viera or others to be Taíno. This position is also affirmed by the world community as per the Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.”
Should your ancestry be based on how you see yourself or how much DNA you have of that ethnicity?
This article shows why There is no DNA test to prove you're Native American
https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4318236742527300206#editor/target=post;postID=6841055636249105922
* Comments from many of my friends, Robert, Licy, and Vanessa are on the bottom.
* This is SO EXCITING - the COMMENTS from UCTP and my friends CAUSED THE ARTICLE TO CHANGE
As a result of the feedback from community members, thetitle of the article in question has been changed from "Breathing life into an extinct ethnicity' to "Rebuilding the genome of a hidden ethnicity". All references to "extinction" have been removed. At the end of the article there is now a corrective statement that reads:
"Corrected: This article originally stated that the Taíno were extinct, which is incorrect. Nature apologizes for the offence caused, and has corrected the text to better explain the research project described."
The original article appeared on Oct. 14, 2011 and was corrected on Oct. 17, 2011. It took three days from the time of the first post to not only receive apologies from one of the scientists leading the project but also from the magazine itself.
While it is still not a "perfect article", I have left a message on the site to thank the editor Brian Owens and Professor Bustamante for the public apology and the corrections. I felt it was the Taino thing to do…
In achieving these corrections and apologies, I feel we accomplished something historic. Think about the alternative if we did nothing at all.
This article demonstrates the sad consequences of DNA testing
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/10/13/bitter-fight-determine-who-american-indian-turns-dna-testing-57165
People interviewed for this story, whether they are for or against the use of DNA testing, agree there is already a litmus test—for you to be considered Indian any of the following statements are true:
A) Your family/people experienced a traumatic history with disease, displacement and death;
B) Your family/people endured generations of intense poverty and disenfranchisement;
C) That you are alive means your family/people survived repeated attempts by various governments to exterminate them—physically, culturally, spiritually.
“Really, the measure of being Indian should be a pain index,” Alexie says. “You know, how many funerals have you gone to?”
DNA results that reveal unpleasant surprises about parentage are a frequent occurrence in Indian country, where grandmothers or aunties often care for infants born into bad domestic situations. “That’s one of the things about DNA testing—it is letting all of the skeletons out of the closet,” says James Mills, president of Creating Stronger Nations, a consulting firm that works with tribes to create policy documents on a range of governance issues, including enrollment. “The moment you draw a line in the sand on enrollment, the moment you have rules, there is going to be some unfairness. There is no perfect system. There just isn’t one.”
But even that test is subjective. “It comes down to who is a tribal member,” says Mills, pointing to the authority granted by Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, a landmark 1978 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that notes sovereign Indian nations determine their own membership. “Tribes have rules about membership and for many years, many tribes were very lax about their rules. [But now], if you are a successful per-capita tribe, people will come out of the woodwork,” clamoring to be members. “Tribes began to get stricter about the enforcement of their rules…and thus you have this disenrollment phenomenon.”
This site has some information on Native American DNA testing.
Over the past few weeks a number of agencies have contacted one or more editors of the Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink (http://www.centrelink.org/) with news and details concerning DNA testing services for those interested in verifying or documenting their Taino or other Amerindian biological parentage.
And this site talks about cultural survival - The Taino of the Caribbean: the People Who are Not Supposed to Exist
Here is another article, The Perils of Human Genomics (with a lot of sarcasm in the comments), about reclaiming/identifying as Taino. Scroll down to read these two comments:
16. Kolibri Carrillo Says:
October 26th, 2011 at 6:52 am
The more I read about this topic, the more I am compelled to address this issue of the so called Taino extinction. I am Taino by blood and culture. I do not need a DNA test nor recognition from any faction political or cultural. I am not from a poor or disadvantage life, I am educated and do not need any financial assistance from government as reparation. I am retired from a government agency in NYC and on full pension. I pay taxes like everyone else. Why do I identify myself to the indigenous culture of my home island called Boriken (Puerto Rico)? My mother’s birth certificate says so. Why do I claim to be of both indigenous culture of the Caribbean? I am Taino and Carib because my Mother told me so. I do not need the Smithsonian study or the speculations of scientist to tell me who I am. I do not need a card from my country’s government to tell me who I am. I am Taino and Caribe mixed with Spanish. Thus I am mestizo like my own Mother. My post here does not come from a need to have some form of identity, I am an American; born and raised in the United States of America. That is my citizenship. I am a Taino and Carib woman, that is my identity. I am not looking for any social or economic advantage at claiming my identity as Taino. I do not need anyone’s approval to know who I am. Mr. Onur whoever you are, I am not a Taino identity activist. I am Kolibri Carrillo daughter of a Taino/Carib woman. I am entitled to self identity.
October 26th, 2011 at 7:14 am
Sirs
I am one of those so called “taino ” activists whose lies onur goes on about . I am a white anglo / saxon british male who is blessed to be friends with many of these “extinct ” people . Dr Bustamente and the authour of the article graciously admitted that they had made an error of Judgement when presented with facts that dispelled the Columbian myth of extinction . For the information of onur a study carried out over a wide spectrum of inhabitants of Boriken (Puerto Rico ) in a sample of 700 61% showed Mitrochrondial DNA indicating Amerindian (Taino ) decendency The reasearch was carried out by prof Vasesquez of the university there as to the fact that he claims greek origin he should read his history the Greeks are extinct as is every other race in this world .There is no pure anyone left today. I am minded to remind Everyone here of a greeting used by the Lakota soiux Tribe of North america .
Miyakuye Oyasin WE ARE ALL RELATED
Blessings to all
M
Rejoinder to Roberto Mucaro http://www.prdream.com/wordpress/?p=3376
Mr. Borrero is correct in pointing out that the number of people in Puerto Rico who self-identify as “Indian” has increased 49 percent from 13,336 in the year 2000 to 19,510 in 2010. But this is still only less than 1 percent of the total Island population of 3.7 million.
There are other NeoTaíno organizations and subgroups that are sometimes in conflict with each other, such as the Jatibonicu Taíno Tribal Nation of Boriken, the Taíno Turabo Aymaco Tribe of Puerto Rico, and the Consejo General de Taínos Borincanos, with the issue of purity coming up in statements on occasion. For example, the “Tribal Charter” of the Taíno Turabo Aymaco Tribe of Boriken states that their tribe “is made-up of: documented and non-documented, pure blood, and non-pure blood descendants of the Taíno Turabo and Aymaco Tribes,” and “pure and non-pure blood descendants of other various Taíno Tribes from the entire Caribbean.”
A little more to think about here: http://voxxi.com/2011/12/12/taino-ancestry-goes-beyond-dna-its-cultural/ Advocates for Taíno people say their culture is passed down through oral traditions, not solely DNA. Taíno supporters have a problem with academic scholar Dr. Gabriel Haslip-Viera’s recent paper where he says Taíno advocates are using a DNA study to claim “a pure indigenous pedigree.”
They say they never made that claim and have challenged Haslip-Viera to prove it. According to the United Confederation of Taíno People (UCTP) the concept of a “degree of Indian blood” was not set by them, but by those whose ultimate goal is to eliminate indigenous tribes. Taíno advocates say Haslip-Viera omits any reference to oral tradition as a form of community and national history.
Roberto “Múkaro” Borrero, president of UCTP said in a statement:
“It should be further noted that Taíno descendants do not require the approval of Dr. Haslip-Viera or others to be Taíno. This position is also affirmed by the world community as per the Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.”
Should your ancestry be based on how you see yourself or how much DNA you have of that ethnicity?
DNA testing is changing how Native Americans think about tribal membership. Yet anthropologist Kim Tallbear warns that genetic tests are a blunt tool. She tells Linda Geddes why tribal identity is not just a matter of blood ties
New Discoveries: http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/2014/05/new-discovery.html
Single Ancestral Group:
http://www.geneticarchaeology.com/research/Native_Americans_descended_from_a_single_ancestral_group_DNA_study_confirms.asp
For two decades, researchers have been using a growing volume of genetic data to debate whether ancestors of Native Americans emigrated to the New World in one wave or successive waves, or from one ancestral Asian population or a number of different populations.
Risks to Tribes (Who Owns Native Culture?): http://web.williams.edu/AnthSoc/native/
What do Mormons think about our DNA? http://www.mrm.org/dna
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=562
DNA evidence is immperfect
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/can-dna-determine-who-is-american-indian%3F-45442
It cannot determine blood quantum or cultural knowledge, among other things.
New Discoveries: http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/2014/05/new-discovery.html
Single Ancestral Group:
http://www.geneticarchaeology.com/research/Native_Americans_descended_from_a_single_ancestral_group_DNA_study_confirms.asp
For two decades, researchers have been using a growing volume of genetic data to debate whether ancestors of Native Americans emigrated to the New World in one wave or successive waves, or from one ancestral Asian population or a number of different populations.
Risks to Tribes (Who Owns Native Culture?): http://web.williams.edu/AnthSoc/native/
What do Mormons think about our DNA? http://www.mrm.org/dna
Smart New Ways to Trace Your Native
Ancestry
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/08/13/3-native-american-genealogy-sources-you-may-not-know-about-156357
Taino DNA isn't accounted for in "land-based" studies…http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=562
DNA evidence is immperfect
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/can-dna-determine-who-is-american-indian%3F-45442
It cannot determine blood quantum or cultural knowledge, among other things.
Thursday, July 28, 2011
The Bering Strait Myth - MOST COMPLETE LIST ON THIS SITE
March 2018 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/03/30/the-oldest-footprints-in-north-america-are-right-where-native-historians-said-they-should-be/?utm_term=.822ab159e0f0
The oldest footprints in North America are right where native historians said they should be
Archaeological material and genetic studies suggest that people first ventured into the Americas via a land bridge between Asia and Alaska. Further travel would have been blocked by the two massive ice sheets that covered most of Canada until about 10,000 years ago, yet scientists keep finding signs of human presence many thousands of years before that: in Washington, a mastodon rib with a stone point buried in it; in Chile, chipped tools and burned bones; in Oregon, fossilized feces containing ancient human DNA.
Did Native Americans Discover Europe?
Before Columbus came to America? There is evidence that supports the idea that Native People circumnavigated the globe, or at least went out far on the ocean in their own "ships."
More information and video compilation here.
DNA Evidence More here: http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/search?q=dna
Bering Strait Theory Series of Articles
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 1: How Dogma Trumped Science
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/13/bering-strait-theory-pt-1-how-dogma-trumped-science-155284 and an excerpted version: http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/2014/06/how-dogma-trumps-science-part-1.html
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 2: Racism, Eugenics and When Natives Came to America
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/20/bering-strait-theory-pt-2-racism-eugenics-and-when-natives-came-america-155406
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 3: The Theory Becomes a Religious Crusade
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/27/bering-strait-theory-pt-3-theory-becomes-religious-crusade-155429
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 4: The Indisputable Facts in the Artifacts
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/07/04/bering-strait-theory-pt-4-indisputable-facts-artifacts-155659
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 5: The Theory Comes Crashing Down
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/07/11/bering-strait-theory-pt-5-theory-comes-crashing-down-155774
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 6: DNA, Blood Types and Stereotypes Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/07/19/bering-strait-theory-pt-6-dna-blood-types-and-stereotypes-155920
Before the Ice Age
http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/2014/04/before-ice-age-research-on-early.html
Native American Origins May Be West Asian and European
Nearly one-third of Native American genes come from west Eurasian people linked to the Middle East and Europe, rather than entirely from East Asians as previously thought, according to a newly sequenced genome. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131120-science-native-american-people-migration-siberia-genetics/?sf5616090=1#at_pco=cfd-1.0&at_ab=-&at_pos=5&at_tot=4&at_si=545a6eb8c67bf75f?utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=Social&utm_content=link_fbge20141105nativeamericans&utm_campaign=Content
Two Studies Find Ties Between Native Americans and Australia: http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/24/two-studies-find-ties-between-native-americans-and-australia-disagree-everything-else
Flora and Fauna Evidence:
Indeed, if anything, the study findings set the Beringian Standstill theory back. According to a review in Scientific American, “This kind of vegetation would not have supported the large, grazing animals – woolly mammoth, woolly rhino, Pleistocene horses, camels, and bison.” It had previously been presumed that Beringia was covered in grass, and that the large animals were what the Paloeindians had lived on, but the shrub tundra would have only supported small mammals, “perhaps some bighorn sheep,” and possibly elk.
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/03/08/more-reasons-doubt-bering-strait-migration-theory
To use when presenting multiple perspectives and doing critical analysis.
* My personal favorites
Articles:
* The Bering Strait Myth by John Two Hawks
Letter I wrote
East or West Coast Migration?
The find doesn’t change any minds in the debate between the West Coast-Bering Strait experts or the East Coast-Solutrean experts, as they argue over discoveries and evidence. Discoveries along either coast are bound to push back dates, as these were the favored migration routes but they are hard to find and test. These sites encounter many other modern issues like development and rising waters.
Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/08/26/22000-year-old-mastodon-and-tool-discovery-raise-questions-156580 Popular theory on how humans populated North America can't be right, study shows
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/ice-free-corridor-north-americans-1.3715397
Human archeological sites as old as 14,600 years old have since been found south of the ice sheet, in Oregon, Florida, Texas and even as far south as Chile.Sediment coreSediment cores were drilled at Charlie Lake and Spring Lake during the winter because the frozen lake surface provided the researchers with a solid platform for drilling into the sediment. (Mikkel Winther Pedersen/University of Copenhagen)Meanwhile, no Clovis sites have been found in Alaska or Yukon, although one dating to around 13,000 years ago has been found in Charlie Lake, B.C., raising the possibility that it could have belonged to people who came through the ice-free corridor from the north.
Books about Bering Strait and population of the world.
Dickason, Olive P. Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times, 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press. Toronto, 1997
Jones, Mary Ellen. Seeds of Change: Readings on Cultural Exchange After 1492. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, MA1993.
* Mann, Charles C. Before Columbus: The Americas of 1491. Antheneum Books. New York, 2009.
Waldman, Carl. Atlas of The North American Indian. Checkmark Books. New York , 2009.
The oldest footprints in North America are right where native historians said they should be
Archaeological material and genetic studies suggest that people first ventured into the Americas via a land bridge between Asia and Alaska. Further travel would have been blocked by the two massive ice sheets that covered most of Canada until about 10,000 years ago, yet scientists keep finding signs of human presence many thousands of years before that: in Washington, a mastodon rib with a stone point buried in it; in Chile, chipped tools and burned bones; in Oregon, fossilized feces containing ancient human DNA.
Did Native Americans Discover Europe?
Before Columbus came to America? There is evidence that supports the idea that Native People circumnavigated the globe, or at least went out far on the ocean in their own "ships."
The Bering Strait Theory is also losing credibility. Native People could have come to the western hemisphere in many ways. First, listen to one of the "great flood" stories told by Native People. Then, read a summary of Red Earth, White Lies by Vine Deloria, Jr. where he offers evidence against this one theory.
"At the Ceno-Catastrophism convention in Portland a year ago, Deloria said that he had been researching a major project, a compendium of Indian oral traditions and folklore. He said that for many years, he had been out speaking with nearly every chief, shaman, medicine man, storyteller, and keeper of oral traditions of nearly every tribe in North America. He noted the extent to which virtually every one of these tribes retained descriptions of pliestocene megafauna and, more often than not, dinosaurs. If any of that is true, than much of what scientists think they know about the history of our Earth is certainly wrong." Ted Holden, The Emerging Science of Catastropism.
In case you don't know. The Bering Strait Theory proposes the idea that all Native Americans are descendant from people who crossed a "land bridge" following animal herds during the last ice age, approximately 18,000 years ago. The video below dramatizes where the land bridge was formed, and how it disappeared again under the water. The main problem with supporting this theory are:
- It eliminates all other ways people came here and denies Native People their creation stories.
- It negates the artifacts and evidence which support earlier settlement and denies the cultural/historical significance of those findings. Even if you believe the B.S. Theory, it denies that the land bridge opened 40,000 years ago, so people could have traveled at that time up until 12,000 years ago.
- It supports oppressive political ideology by calling Native People "newcomers" who don't really have that much claim on the lands of the Americas.
What about the human-genome project? DNA? Evolution? Funny, you should ask. Here are some videos suggesting very different origins. The top one on the left shows how current research supports the "all humans came out of Africa" theory. The one on the right shows new DNA research which supports interbreeding with Neanderthals whose DNA is ABSENT from the African gene pool, meaning they originated (and stayed) outside of Africa. The next videos underneath shows a third human type that lived alongside Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal whose DNA was extracted from bones found in Siberian caves. The next videos discus what happens when archaeologist "dig deeper than Clovis" and find ice-age European explorers.
DNA Evidence More here: http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/search?q=dna
The Bering Land Bridge is just one part of the equation. DNA provides more information, but not all of it. Did European mitochondrial DNA emerge in the Native American gene pool because Native People traveled to Europe or because Europeans traveled to the Americas? There are so many points of view. There is so much controversy. There is so much we don't know. One thing we do know is that immediately preceding European contact, there were people in the Americas. These people developed complex societies, spoke over 200 languages, created roads, domesticated plants, established new technologies for hunting and farming, and used complex medicines and medical techniques (just to name a few things).
While there are many differences among Nations, there are also commonalities in culture related to the plants, animals, seasons, weather, and other ecological systems that only exist in the "Americas" and therefore influenced the unique culture that developed stories, traditions, foods, and technology in response to this eco-system and its resources, and no other eco-systems in the world. What is the "take-away" from this? Research is ongoing and we can't rule out that Native Americans are accurate when we say, "We've always been here."
January 2018 Evidence from ancient ice age baby Beringian.
Linguistic Evidence
Over the past few weeks, new scientific discoveries have rekindled the
debate over the Bering Strait Theory. Two of the discoveries were
covered recently in Indian Country Today. The first “More Reasons to Doubt the Bering Strait Migration Theory,” dealt with the
growing problem of “science by press release,” as scientific studies
hype their conclusions to the point that they are misleading; and the
second, “DNA Politics: Anzick Child Casts Doubt on Bering Strait Theory,” discussed how politics can influence science, and the negative
effects these politically-based scientific results can have on Native
peoples.
Nichols’ paper used six independent linguistic methods for
calculating American Indian antiquity and she determined that it would
have taken a minimum of 50,000 years for all of the American Indian
languages to have evolved from one language, or 35,000 years if migrants
had come in multiple waves. She concluded that, “The unmistakable
testimony of the linguistic evidence is that the New World has been
inhabited nearly as long as Australia or New Guinea.”
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 1: How Dogma Trumped Science
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/13/bering-strait-theory-pt-1-how-dogma-trumped-science-155284 and an excerpted version: http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/2014/06/how-dogma-trumps-science-part-1.html
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 2: Racism, Eugenics and When Natives Came to America
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/20/bering-strait-theory-pt-2-racism-eugenics-and-when-natives-came-america-155406
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 3: The Theory Becomes a Religious Crusade
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/27/bering-strait-theory-pt-3-theory-becomes-religious-crusade-155429
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 4: The Indisputable Facts in the Artifacts
https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/07/04/bering-strait-theory-pt-4-indisputable-facts-artifacts-155659
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 5: The Theory Comes Crashing Down
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/07/11/bering-strait-theory-pt-5-theory-comes-crashing-down-155774
Bering Strait Theory, Pt. 6: DNA, Blood Types and Stereotypes Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/07/19/bering-strait-theory-pt-6-dna-blood-types-and-stereotypes-155920
Before the Ice Age
http://nativeamericanresources.blogspot.com/2014/04/before-ice-age-research-on-early.html
Native American Origins May Be West Asian and European
Nearly one-third of Native American genes come from west Eurasian people linked to the Middle East and Europe, rather than entirely from East Asians as previously thought, according to a newly sequenced genome. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131120-science-native-american-people-migration-siberia-genetics/?sf5616090=1#at_pco=cfd-1.0&at_ab=-&at_pos=5&at_tot=4&at_si=545a6eb8c67bf75f?utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=Social&utm_content=link_fbge20141105nativeamericans&utm_campaign=Content
Two Studies Find Ties Between Native Americans and Australia: http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/24/two-studies-find-ties-between-native-americans-and-australia-disagree-everything-else
Flora and Fauna Evidence:
Indeed, if anything, the study findings set the Beringian Standstill theory back. According to a review in Scientific American, “This kind of vegetation would not have supported the large, grazing animals – woolly mammoth, woolly rhino, Pleistocene horses, camels, and bison.” It had previously been presumed that Beringia was covered in grass, and that the large animals were what the Paloeindians had lived on, but the shrub tundra would have only supported small mammals, “perhaps some bighorn sheep,” and possibly elk.
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/03/08/more-reasons-doubt-bering-strait-migration-theory
To use when presenting multiple perspectives and doing critical analysis.
* My personal favorites
Articles:
* The Bering Strait Myth by John Two Hawks
Letter I wrote
East or West Coast Migration?
The find doesn’t change any minds in the debate between the West Coast-Bering Strait experts or the East Coast-Solutrean experts, as they argue over discoveries and evidence. Discoveries along either coast are bound to push back dates, as these were the favored migration routes but they are hard to find and test. These sites encounter many other modern issues like development and rising waters.
Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/08/26/22000-year-old-mastodon-and-tool-discovery-raise-questions-156580 Popular theory on how humans populated North America can't be right, study shows
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/ice-free-corridor-north-americans-1.3715397
Human archeological sites as old as 14,600 years old have since been found south of the ice sheet, in Oregon, Florida, Texas and even as far south as Chile.Sediment coreSediment cores were drilled at Charlie Lake and Spring Lake during the winter because the frozen lake surface provided the researchers with a solid platform for drilling into the sediment. (Mikkel Winther Pedersen/University of Copenhagen)Meanwhile, no Clovis sites have been found in Alaska or Yukon, although one dating to around 13,000 years ago has been found in Charlie Lake, B.C., raising the possibility that it could have belonged to people who came through the ice-free corridor from the north.
Books about Bering Strait and population of the world.
Dickason, Olive P. Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times, 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press. Toronto, 1997
Jones, Mary Ellen. Seeds of Change: Readings on Cultural Exchange After 1492. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, MA1993.
* Mann, Charles C. Before Columbus: The Americas of 1491. Antheneum Books. New York, 2009.
Waldman, Carl. Atlas of The North American Indian. Checkmark Books. New York , 2009.
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